Background
Professor Gabi Dachs completed her undergraduate and PhD studies in Cape Town, South Africa, followed by postdoctoral work at the MRC Harwell in the United Kingdom.
Prior to joining the University of Otago in Christchurch, Professor Dachs worked as senior scientist at the Gray Cancer Institute in London, UK.
Research interests
Professor Gabi Dachs is interested in why human tumours are difficult to treat, and in new ways of treating them.
Current research interests at present include:
- Can we dampen the activity of the global transcription factor HIF-1 using vitamin C? Can we reduce tumour growth in mice using vitamin C? Can we increase vitamin C in cancer cells using gene therapy? What is the relationship between ascorbate and HIF-1 in tumours from kidney cancer patients?
- Why do obese cancer patients often fare worse than non-obese patients? Can we identify the molecular factors associated with obesity in cancer? What effect do these obesity-related factors have on chemotherapy?
- Which human enzymes are responsible for the activation of novel anticancer prodrugs (in collaboration with Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre)? Can this knowledge guide clinical use of these agents?
- Can we improve gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy combinations to target solid tumours or their vasculature?
In the media
Professor Gabi Dachs was featured in Radio New Zealand's The Science Of... Vitamin C in August 2017.
Indications of cancer aggression
Tumor cell proliferation
Tumor vascularity
Tumor hypoxia
Impact of Vitamin C
(With E Campbell)
Increased levels of vitamin C (ascorbate) in tumours is associated with slower tumour growth.
Increased levels of dietary vitamin C are associated with reduced levels of HIF-1.
Publications
Burgess, E. R., Praditi, C., Phillips, E., Vissers, M. C. M., Robinson, B. A., Dachs, G. U., & Wiggins, G. A. R. (2024). Role of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 and ascorbate in regulating the hypoxic pathway in cultured glioblastoma cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, e30658. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/jcb.30658 Journal - Research Article
Topham, B., de Vries, M., Nonis, M., van Berkel, R., Pullar, J. M., Magon, N. J., Vissers, M. C. M., Currie, M. J., Robinson, B. A., Gibbs, D., Ang, A., & Dachs, G. U. (2024). Blood vitamin C levels of patients receiving immunotherapy and relationship to monocyte subtype and epigenetic modification. Epigenomes, 8, 17. doi: 10.3390/epigenomes8020017 Journal - Research Article
Praditi, C., Dachs, G., Bozonet, S., Pearson, J. A., Wiggins, G., & Vissers, M. (2023). The role of ascorbate in the activation of hypoxic response in breast cancer cell lines. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NZSBMB) 50th Anniversary Conference. Retrieved from https://www.nzsbmb.org/conference Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Praditi, C., Bozonet, S. M., Dachs, G. U., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2023). Ascorbate uptake and retention by breast cancer cell lines and the intracellular distribution of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2. Antioxidants, 12, 1929. doi: 10.3390/antiox12111929 Journal - Research Article
de Vries, M., Stewart, T., Ireton, T., Keelan, K., Jordan, J., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2023). Patients’ and carers’ priorities for cancer research in Aotearoa/New Zealand. PLoS ONE, 18(8), e0290321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290321 Journal - Research Article
2024
Journal - Research Article
Burgess, E. R., Praditi, C., Phillips, E., Vissers, M. C. M., Robinson, B. A., Dachs, G. U., & Wiggins, G. A. R. (2024). Role of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 and ascorbate in regulating the hypoxic pathway in cultured glioblastoma cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, e30658. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/jcb.30658
Topham, B., de Vries, M., Nonis, M., van Berkel, R., Pullar, J. M., Magon, N. J., Vissers, M. C. M., Currie, M. J., Robinson, B. A., Gibbs, D., Ang, A., & Dachs, G. U. (2024). Blood vitamin C levels of patients receiving immunotherapy and relationship to monocyte subtype and epigenetic modification. Epigenomes, 8, 17. doi: 10.3390/epigenomes8020017
2023
Journal - Research Article
Praditi, C., Bozonet, S. M., Dachs, G. U., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2023). Ascorbate uptake and retention by breast cancer cell lines and the intracellular distribution of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2. Antioxidants, 12, 1929. doi: 10.3390/antiox12111929
de Vries, M., Stewart, T., Ireton, T., Keelan, K., Jordan, J., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2023). Patients’ and carers’ priorities for cancer research in Aotearoa/New Zealand. PLoS ONE, 18(8), e0290321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290321
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Praditi, C., Dachs, G., Bozonet, S., Pearson, J. A., Wiggins, G., & Vissers, M. (2023). The role of ascorbate in the activation of hypoxic response in breast cancer cell lines. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NZSBMB) 50th Anniversary Conference. Retrieved from https://www.nzsbmb.org/conference
Other Research Output
Dachs, G. (2023, May). Scatterlings: Cancer research across continents and time. University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. [Inaugural Professorial Lecture].
2022
Journal - Research Article
Crake, R. L. I., Burgess, E. R., Wiggins, G. A. R., Magon, N. J., Das, A. B., Vissers, M. C. M., Morrin, H. R., Royds, J. A., Slatter, T. L., Robinson, B. A., Phillips, E., & Dachs, G. U. (2022). Ascorbate content of clinical glioma tissues is related to tumour grade and to global levels of 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine. Scientific Reports, 12, 14845. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19032-8
Burgess, E. R., Crake, R. L. I., Phillips, E., Morrin, H. R., Royds, J. A., Slatter, T. L., Wiggins, G. A. R., Vissers, M. C. M., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2022). Increased ascorbate content of glioblastoma is associated with a suppressed hypoxic response and improved patient survival. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, 829524. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.829524
2021
Journal - Research Article
Abbattista, M. R., Ashoorzadeh, A., Guise, C. P., Mowday, A. M., Mittra, R., Silva, S., … Dachs, G. U., … Patterson, A. V. (2021). Restoring tumour selectivity of the bioreductive prodrug pr-104 by developing an analogue resistant to aerobic metabolism by human aldo-keto reductase 1c3. Pharmaceuticals, 14(12). doi: 10.3390/ph14121231
Buss, L. A., Hock, B., Merry, T. L., Ang, A. D., Robinson, B. A., Currie, M. J., & Dachs, G. U. (2021). Effect of immune modulation on the skeletal muscle mitochondrial exercise response: An exploratory study in mice with cancer. PLoS ONE, 16(10), e0258831. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258831
Wohlrab, C., Vissers, M. C. M., Burgess, E. R., Nonis, M., Phillips, E., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2021). Limited association between ascorbate concentrations and vitamin C transporters in renal cell carcinoma cells and clinical samples. Cellular Physiology & Biochemistry, 55, 553-568. doi: 10.33594/000000435
Buss, L. A., Williams, T., Hock, B., Ang, A. D., Robinson, B. A., Currie, M. J., & Dachs, G. U. (2021). Effects of exercise and anti-PD-1 on the tumour microenvironment. Immunology Letters, 239, 60-71. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.08.005
Ang, A. D., Vissers, M. C. M., Burgess, E. R., Currie, M. J., & Dachs, G. U. (2021). Gene and protein expression is altered by ascorbate availability in murine macrophages cultured under tumour-like conditions. Antioxidants, 10(3), 430. doi: 10.3390/antiox10030430
Dachs, G. U., Gandhi, J., Wohlrab, C., Carr, A. C., Morrin, H. R., Pullar, J. M., Bayer, S. B., Eglinton, T. W., Robinson, B. A., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2021). Vitamin C administration by intravenous infusion increases tumor ascorbate content in patients with colon cancer: A clinical intervention study. Frontiers in Oncology, 10, 600715. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.600715
Journal - Research Other
Crake, R. L. I., Burgess, E. R., Royds, J. A., Phillips, E., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2021). The role of 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases in gliomas and glioblastomas: A review of epigenetic reprogramming and hypoxic responses. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, 619300. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.619300
Buss, L. A., Dachs, G. U., Goddard, L., Ang, A. D., Robinson, B. A., Currie, M. J., & Hock, B. (2021). Is the immunogenicity of PD-1 blocking antibodies a confounding variable in murine studies? Immunology Letters, 234, 13-15. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.04.003
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Vissers, M. C., & Dachs, G. U. (2021). The 2-oxogiutarate-dependent dioxygenases: A new class of enzymes impacting cancer epigenetics and cancer cell metabolism. Proceedings of the 16th Congress of the Federation of Asian & Oceanic Biochemists & Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB). (pp. 128). Retrieved from https://www.faobmb2021.org
Other Research Output
Dachs, G. (2021, September). Mate Pukupuku: He aha ō whakaaro? Cancer: What do you think is important for us to research? UOC Research Seminar Series, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. [Research Presentation].
2020
Chapter in Book - Research
Buss, L. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2020). Effects of exercise on the tumour microenvironment. In A. Birbrair (Ed.), Tumor microenvironment: Recent advances. (pp. 31-51). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_3
Journal - Research Article
White, R., Nonis, M., Pearson, J. F., Burgess, E., Morrin, H. R., Pullar, J. M., Spencer, E., Vissers, M. C. M., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2020). Low vitamin C status in patients with cancer is associated with patient and tumor characteristics. Nutrients, 12(8), 2338. doi: 10.3390/nu12082338
Buss, L. A., Ang, A. D., Hock, B., Robinson, B. A., Currie, M. J., & Dachs, G. U. (2020). Effect of post-implant exercise on tumour growth rate, perfusion and hypoxia in mice. PLoS ONE, 15(3), e0229290. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229290
Pullar, J. M., Dunham, S., Dachs, G. U., Vissers, M. C. M., & Carr, A. C. (2020). Erythrocyte ascorbate is a potential indicator of steady-state plasma ascorbate concentrations in healthy non-fasting individuals. Nutrients, 12(2), 418. doi: 10.3390/nu12020418
2019
Journal - Research Article
Wohlrab, C., Kuiper, C., Vissers, M. C. M., Phillips, E., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2019). Ascorbate modulates the hypoxic pathway by increasing intracellular activity of the HIF hydroxylases in renal cell carcinoma cells. Hypoxia, 7, 17-31. doi: 10.2147/hp.S201643
Campbell, E. J., Dachs, G. U., Morrin, H. R., Davey, V., Robinson, B. A., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2019). Activation of the hypoxia pathway in breast cancer tissue and patient survival are inversely associated with tumor ascorbate levels. BMC Cancer, 19, 307. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-5503-x
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Ang, A., Currie, M., & Dachs, G. (2019). Effect of ascorbate on tumour-associated macrophage phenotype ex vivo. Proceedings, 5(1), 3 (6.7). doi: 10.3390/proceedings2019005003
Dachs, G., & Vissers, M. (2019). Regulation of transcription factors by ascorbate. Proceedings, 5(1), 3 (3.2). doi: 10.3390/proceedings2019005003
2018
Journal - Research Article
Wohlrab, C., Vissers, M. C. M., Phillips, E., Morrin, H., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2018). The association between ascorbate and the hypoxia-inducible factors in human renal cell carcinoma requires a functional von Hippel-Lindau protein. Frontiers in Oncology, 8, 574. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00574
Buss, L. A., Mandani, A., Phillips, E., Scott, N. J. A., Currie, M. J., & Dachs, G. U. (2018). Characterisation of a mouse model of breast cancer with metabolic syndrome. In Vivo, 32(5), 1071-1080. doi: 10.21873/invivo.11348
Buss, L. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2018). The role of exercise and hyperlipidaemia in breast cancer progression. Exercise Immunology Review, 24, 8-23.
Buss, L. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2018). Voluntary exercise slows breast tumor establishment and reduces tumor hypoxia in ApoE-/- mice. Journal of Applied Physiology, 124(4), 938-949. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2017
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Wohlrab, C., Robinson, B. A., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2018). Vitamin C transporters in renal cell carcinoma. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzsoncology.org.nz/
Vissers, M. C. M., Das, A., & Dachs, G. U. (2018). The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and their role in cancer development, growth and metastasis. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzsoncology.org.nz/
Tino, A., Dachs, G., Sykes, P., Evans, J., & Chitcholtan, K. (2018). Ovarian cancer cell lines grown in a three dimensional collagen model respond differentially to lysophosphatidic acid and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzsoncology.org.nz/
Buss, L., Currie, M., Ang, A., Hock, B., & Dachs, G. (2018). Exercise reduces hypoxia and increases perfusion in tumours from mice with melanoma. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzsoncology.org.nz/
Ang, A., Currie, M., & Dachs, G. (2018). Effect of ascorbate on tumour associated macrophage phenotype ex vivo. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzsoncology.org.nz/
Wohlrab, C., Kuiper, C., Vissers, M. C. M., Phillips, E., Robinson, B., & Dachs, G. U. (2018). Ascorbate modulates the hypoxic pathway by increasing activity of HIF hydroxylases. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.nzsoncology.org.nz/
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Campbell, E., Dachs, G. U., Morrin, H. R., Davey, V., Robinson, B. A., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2018, August). The regulation of the tumour hypoxic response by ascorbate and association with clinicopathological factors and patient outcome in breast cancer. Poster session presented at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Buss, L., Currie, M., Ang, A., Hock, B., & Dachs, G. (2018, August). Post-tumour-implantation exercise does not alter tumour growth rate in mice with subcutaneous B16-F10 melanoma. Poster session presented at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Dachs, G. U., & Vissers, M. C. (2018, August). The role of ascorbate in modifying the hypoxic response in cancer. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Buss, L., Currie, M., Ang, A., Hock, B., & Dachs, G. (2018, August). T-cell distribution in melanoma from exercising mice. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) and Australasian Society for Immunology New Zealand Branch (ASI-NZ) Joint Meeting, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Ang, A., Currie, M., & Dachs, G. (2018, August). Effect of ascorbate on tumour associated macrophage phenotype ex vivo. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) and Australasian Society for Immunology New Zealand Branch (ASI-NZ) Joint Meeting, Queenstown, New Zealand.
2017
Journal - Research Article
Wohlrab, C., Phillips, E., & Dachs, G. U. (2017). Vitamin C transporters in cancer: Current understanding and gaps in knowledge. Frontiers in Oncology, 7, 74. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00074
Robinson, B., Currie, M., Phillips, E., Dachs, G., Strother, M., Morrin, H., Davey, V., & Frampton, C. (2017). Body mass index (BMI): Association with clinicopathological factors and outcome of women with newly diagnosed breast cancer in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 130(1451), 46-56. Retrieved from https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Buss, L. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2017, July). Effects of exercise and hyperlipidaemia on the breast tumour microenvironment. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Branch of the Australasian Society for Immunology (NZ ASI) Annual Scientific Meeting, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Ang, A., Currie, M., & Dachs, G. (2017, July). Does ascorbate affect the interaction between tumour and immune cells? Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Branch of the Australasian Society for Immunology (NZ ASI) Annual Scientific Meeting, Christchurch, New Zealand.
2016
Journal - Research Article
Campbell, E. J., Vissers, M. C. M., Wohlrab, C., Hicks, K. O., Strother, R. M., Bozonet, S. M., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2016). Pharmacokinetic and anti-cancer properties of high dose ascorbate in solid tumours of ascorbate-dependent mice. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 99, 451-462. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.027
Campbell, E. J., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2016). Ascorbate availability affects tumor implantation-take rate and increases tumor rejection in Gulo-/- mice. Hypoxia, 4, 41-52. doi: 10.2147/HP.S103088
Bonifert, G., Folkes, L., Gmeiner, C., Dachs, G., & Spadiut, O. (2016). Recombinant horseradish peroxidase variants for targeted cancer treatment. Cancer Medicine, 5(6), 1194-1203. doi: 10.1002/cam4.668
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Campbell, E., Vissers, M., Wohlrab, C., Hicks, K., Strother, M., Robinson, B., Bozonet, S., & Dachs, G. (2016). High-dose ascorbate administration increases tumor ascorbate levels and decreases hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity and tumor growth in mice. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 100(Suppl.), (pp. S132). doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.346
Vissers, M. C. M., Campbell, E. J., Kuiper, C., Carr, A. C., Wohlrab, C., Bozonet, S. M., Morrin, H., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2016). Ascorbate as an anti-cancer therapy? Investigations into feasibility and potential mechanism of action. Proceedings of the Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices, Discovery (D4) Conference. Retrieved from http://www.otago.ac.nz/d4/index.html
2015
Journal - Research Article
Dachs, G. U., Phillips, E., Phung, Y., Dyer, A., Willis, J. A., Currie, M. J., & Robinson, B. A. (2015). Tumour growth in mice resistant to diet-induced obesity. Journal of Molecular Biochemistry, 4(2), 42-49.
Campbell, E. J., Vissers, M. C. M., Bozonet, S., Dyer, A., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2015). Restoring physiological levels of ascorbate slows tumor growth and moderates HIF-1 pathway activity in Gulo−/− mice. Cancer Medicine, 4(2), 303-314. doi: 10.1002/cam4.349
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Ernst, C., Phillips, E., Morrin, H., Vissers, M., Robinson, B., & Dachs, G. (2015, October). The role of ascorbate in controlling hypoxia factors in renal cell carcinoma. Poster session presented at the Otago Spotlight Series: Cancer Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
2014
Journal - Research Article
Campbell, E. J., & Dachs, G. U. (2014). Current limitations of murine models in oncology for ascorbate research. Frontiers in Oncology, 4, 282. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00282
Kanthou, C., Dachs, G. U., Lefley, D. V., Steele, A. J., Coralli-Foxon, C., Harris, S., … Tozer, G. M. (2014). Tumour cells expressing single VEGF isoforms display distinct growth, survival and migration characteristics. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104015
Wang, J., Guise, C. P., Dachs, G. U., Phung, Y., Hsu, A. H.-L., Lambie, N. K., … Wilson, W. R. (2014). Identification of one-electron reductases that activate both the hypoxia prodrug SN30000 and diagnostic probe EF5. Biochemical Pharmacology, 91(4), 436-446. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.003
Vissers, M. C. M., Kuiper, C., & Dachs, G. U. (2014). Regulation of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and implications for cancer. Biochemical Society Transactions, 42(4), 945-951. doi: 10.1042/bst20140118
Flett, T., Campbell, E. J., Phillips, E., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2014). Gulonolactone addition to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells with gene transfer of gulonolactone oxidase restores ascorbate biosynthesis and reduces hypoxia inducible factor 1. Biomedicines, 2(1), 98-109. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines2010098
Kuiper, C., Dachs, G. U., Currie, M. J., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2014). Intracellular ascorbate enhances hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-hydroxylase activity and preferentially suppresses the HIF-1 transcriptional response. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 69, 308-317. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.033
Kuiper, C., Dachs, G. U., Munn, D., Currie, M. J., Robinson, B. A., Pearson, J. F., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2014). Increased tumour ascorbate is associated with extended disease-free survival and decreased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activation in human colorectal cancer. Frontiers in Oncology, 4, 10. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00010
Volkova, E., Robinson, B. A., Willis, J., Currie, M. J., & Dachs, G. U. (2014). Marginal effects of glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor on chemotherapy response in endothelial and colorectal cancer cells. Oncology Letters, 7(2), 311-320. doi: 10.3892/ol.2013.1710
Journal - Research Other
Dachs, G. U., Munn, D. G., Carr, A. C., Vissers, M. C. M., & Robinson, B. A. (2014). Consumption of vitamin C is below recommended daily intake in many cancer patients and healthy volunteers in Christchurch. New Zealand Medical Journal, 127(1390). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kuiper, C., Dachs, G., Currie, M., Pearson, J., Munn, D., & Vissers, M. (2014). Tumor ascorbate content is associated with extended disease-free survival and decreased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activation in patients with colorectal cancer. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 105th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/meetings--workshops/aacr-annual-meeting-2014.aspx
Flett, T., Campbell, E., Phillips, E., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2014). Does gene transfer of gulono-lactone oxidase into human hepatocellular carcinoma cells restore ascorbate biosynthesis? Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 105th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/meetings--workshops/aacr-annual-meeting-2014.aspx
Campbell, E. J., Bozonet, S. M., Robinson, B. A., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2014). Restoring physiological levels of ascorbate alleviates HIF-1 activation and reduces tumour growth in Gulo-/- mice. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 105th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/meetings--workshops/aacr-annual-meeting-2014.aspx
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Campbell, E. J., Bozonet, S., Robinson, B. A., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2014, August). Pharmacokinetic and anti-cancer properties of high dose vitamin C in tumour bearing Gulo-/- mice. Poster session presented at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Dachs, G. (2014, July). Vitamin C is dispensable for oxygen sensing? Verbal presentation at the Oxygen Theme Meeting, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Campbell, E., Kuiper, C., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. (2014, August). Vitamin C is not dispensible for oxygen sensing. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
2013
Journal - Research Article
Currie, M. J., Beardsley, B. E., Harris, G. C., Gunningham, S. P., Dachs, G. U., Dijkstra, B., Morrin, H. R., Wells, J. E., & Robinson, B. A. (2013). Immunohistochemical analysis of cancer stem cell markers in invasive breast carcinoma and associated ductal carcinoma in situ: Relationships with markers of tumor hypoxia and microvascularity. Human Pathology, 44(3), 402-411. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.06.004
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Campbell, E. J., Dyer, A., Robinson, B. A., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2013). The impact of physiological levels of vitamin C on tumour growth and HIF-1 activation in the Gulo -/- mouse. New Zealand Medical Journal, 126(1375). Retrieved from http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Kuiper, C., Dachs, G. U., Munn, D., Currie, M. J., Robinson, B. A., Pearson, J. F., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2013, August). Increased tumour ascorbate is associated with extended disease-free survival and decreased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activation in patients with colorectal cancer. Poster session presented at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Campbell, E. J., Dyer, A., Robinson, B. A., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2013, August). The effect of dietary ascorbate levels on tumour growth and HIF-1 activation in the Gulo-/- mouse. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Vissers, M. C. M., Kuiper, C., Dachs, G. U., Campbell, E., Pujary, U.-R., Bozonet, S. M., Pullar, J. M., & Carr, A. C. (2013, August). The role of vitamin C in managing metabolic stress and its impact in tumour biology and inflammation. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Dachs, G. (2013, February). Diet and cancer. Verbal presentation at the Christchurch Medical School 40th Anniversary Celebrations, Christchurch, New Zealand.
2012
Journal - Research Article
Guise, C. P., Abbattista, M. R., Tipparaju, S. R., Lambie, N. K., Su, J., Li, D., … Dachs, G. U., & Patterson, A. V. (2012). Diflavin oxidoreductases activate the bioreductive prodrug PR-104A under hypoxia. Molecular Pharmacology, 81(1), 31-40. doi: 10.1124/mol.111.073759
Hunt, M. A., Li, D., Hay, M. P., Currie, M. J., Robinson, B. A., Patterson, A. V., & Dachs, G. U. (2012). Characterisation of enzyme prodrug gene therapy combinations in coated spheroids and vascular networks in vitro. Journal of Gene Medicine, 14(1), 62-74. doi: 10.1002/jgm.1635
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Dachs, G., Kuiper, C., Currie, M. J., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2012). Impact of ascorbate levels on hypoxia inducible factor-1 activity in cancer cells in culture and in endometrial tumours. Mutagenesis, 27(1), (pp. 114). doi: 10.1093/mutage/ger068
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Kuiper, C., Dachs, G. U., Currie, M. J., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2012, September). Intracellular ascorbate and HIF-1 inhibition in cancer cells. Poster session presented at the Division of Health Sciences Research Forum: Health Matters: Research Excellence at Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Campbell, E. J., Dyer, A., Robinson, B. A., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2012, September). The impact of physiological levels of vitamin C on tumour growth in gulo-/- mice. Poster session presented at the Division of Health Sciences Research Forum: Health Matters: Research Excellence at Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Campbell, E. J., Dyer, A., Robinson, B. A., Vissers, M. C. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2012, August). The impact of physiological levels of vitamin C on tumour growth in Gulo-/-mice. Poster session presented at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Kuiper, C., Dachs, G. U., Currie, M. J., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2012, August). Intracellular ascorbate and modification of the tumour response to the microenvironment. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
2011
Journal - Research Article
MacKenzie, K. A., Miller, A. P., Hock, B. D., Gardner, J., Simcock, J. W., Roake, J. A., Dachs, G. U., Robinson, B. A., & Currie, M. J. (2011). Angiogenesis and host immune response contribute to the aggressive character of non-melanoma skin cancers in renal transplant recipients. Histopathology, 58(6), 875-885. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03845.x
Volkova, E., Willis, J. A., Wells, J. E., Robinson, B. A., Dachs, G. U., & Currie, M. J. (2011). Association of angiopoietin-2, C-reactive protein and markers of obesity and insulin resistance with survival outcome in colorectal cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 104, 51-59. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606005
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Kuiper, C., Molenaar, I. G. M., Dachs, G. U., Currie, M. J., Sykes, P. H., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2011). Low ascorbate levels are associated with high hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity and a more aggressive tumor phenotype in endometrial cancer. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 28(2), (pp. 175). doi: 10.1007/s10585-010-9361-9
Kuiper, C., Dachs, G. U., Currie, M. J., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2011). Optimal intracellular ascorbate concentrations suppress hypoxia-inducible factor-la and its transcriptional activity differentially in cancer and normal cells. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 28(2), (pp. 231-232). doi: 10.1007/s10585-010-9361-9
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Dachs, G. (2011, May). Developing an obese mouse model of colorectal cancer. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference, Auckland, New Zealand.
Dachs, G. (2011, May). Response to chemotherapy is modulated by insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and glucose concentration in colorectal cells in culture. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Society for Oncology (NZSO) Conference, Auckland, New Zealand.
2010
Journal - Research Article
Dachs, G. U., Kano, M., Volkova, E., Morrin, H. R., Davey, V. C. L., Harris, G. C., … Frampton, C., Currie, M. J., Wells, J. E., & Robinson, B. A. (2010). A profile of prognostic and molecular factors in European and Māori breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer, 10, 543. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-543
Hunt, M. A., Currie, M. J., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2010). Optimizing transfection of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells using commercially available chemical transfection reagents. Journal of Biomolecular Techniques, 21, 66-72.
Kuiper, C., Molenaar, I. G. M., Dachs, G. U., Currie, M. J., Sykes, P. H., & Vissers, M. C. M. (2010). Low ascorbate levels are associated with increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1 activity and an aggressive tumor phenotype in endometrial cancer. Cancer Research, 70(14), 5749-5758. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0263
Tupper, J., Stratford, M. R., Hill, S., Tozer, G. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2010). In vivo characterization of horseradish peroxidase with indole-3-acetic acid and 5-bromoindole-3-acetic acid for gene therapy of cancer. Cancer Gene Therapy, 17(6), 420-428. doi: 10.1038/cgt.2009.86
Guise, C. P., Abbattista, M. R., Singleton, R. S., Holford, S. D., Connolly, J., Dachs, G. U., Fox, S. B., Pollock, R., Harvey, J., Guilford, P., … Patterson, A. V. (2010). The bioreductive prodrug PR-104A is activated under aerobic conditions by human aldo-keto reductase 1C3. Cancer Research, 70(4), 1573-1584. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3237
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Guise, C. P., Tipparaju, S. R., Abbattista, M. R., Dachs, G. U., Su, J., Foehrenbacher, A. B., … Patterson, A. V. (2010). Identification of human oxidoreductases involved in the hypoxia-dependent activation of bioreductive prodrugs. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 101st Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org/
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Dachs, G. (2010, August-September). Comparison of enzyme prodrug gene therapy combinations in coated spheroids and in vitro models of vascular networks. Verbal presentation at the Queenstown Molecular Biology (QMB) Meetings, Queenstown, New Zealand.
2009
Journal - Research Article
Dachs, G. U., Hunt, M. A., Syddall, S., Singleton, D. C., & Patterson, A. V. (2009). Bystander or no bystander for gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Molecules, 14(11), 4517-4545. doi: 10.3390/molecules14114517
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Dachs, G. U., Hunt, M., Patterson, A. V., Ackerley, D., Currie, M. J., & Robinson, B. A. (2009). Vascular targeted gene therapy of cancer. Journal of Vascular Research, 46(Suppl. 2), (pp. 18). doi: 10.1159/000230992
Volkova, E., Willis, J., Robinson, B., Dachs, G., & Currie, M. (2009). Obesity and tumour angiogenesis in colon cancer. Journal of Vascular Research, 46(Suppl. 2), (pp. 17). doi: 10.1159/000230992
Hunt, M., Keown, D., Patterson, A., Currie, M., Robinson, B., & Dachs, G. (2009). Novel prodrugs for enzyme prodrug gene therapy against tumor endothelium. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 100th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org/
Volkova, E., Willis, J. A., Gunningham, S. P., Hanrahan, V., Pearson, J., Robinson, B. A., Dachs, G. U., & Currie, M. J. (2009). Role of obesity in colon tumor angiogenesis and cancer progression. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 100th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org/
Kuiper, C., Molenaar, I., Dachs, G., Currie, M., Sykes, P., & Vissers, M. (2009). Low ascorbate levels in endometrial tumours are associated with high HIF-1 activity and a more aggressive phenotype. Proceedings of the ComBio2009 Conference. [CD-ROM] [Abstract]
Kuiper, C., Molenaar, I., Dachs, G., Currie, M., Sykes, P., & Vissers, M. (2009). Low ascorbate levels in endometrial tumours are associated with high HIF-1 activity and a more aggressive phenotype. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 47(Suppl. 1), (pp. S172-S173). [Abstract]
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Hunt, M. A., Keown, D. A., Patterson, A. V., Currie, M. J., Robinson, B. A., & Dachs, G. U. (2009, September). Novel prodrugs for enzyme prodrug gene therapy against tumour endothelium. Poster session presented at the Third Annual Division of Health Sciences Research Forum, Wellington, New Zealand.
Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs
Dachs, G. (2009, August). Vascular targeted gene therapy of cancer. Verbal presentation at the 14th Australian and New Zealand Microcirculation Society (ANZMS) Meeting, Queenstown, New Zealand.
2008
Journal - Research Article
Dachs, G. U., Currie, M. J., Mckenzie, F., Jeffreys, M., Cox, B., Foliaki, S., … Robinson, B. A. (2008). Cancer disparities in indigenous Polynesian populations: Māori, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific people. Lancet Oncology, 9(5), 473-484. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70127-X
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Morrin, H., Gunningham, S., Currie, M., Dachs, G., Fox, S., & Robinson, B. (2008). Cancer Society Tissue Bank (CSTB) New Zealand: The increasing importance of supplementary sample banking for breast cancer research. Cell Preservation Technology, 6(2), (pp. 157). doi: 10.1089/cpt.2008.9998
Kano, M., Volkova, E., Harris, G. C., Morrin, H. R., Cheale, M., Frampton, C., Wells, E., Robinson, B. A., Currie, M. J., & Dachs, G. U. (2008). A comparison of patient, tumour and circulating factors in breast cancer patients of different ethnicities in New Zealand. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 99th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org/
Dachs, G. U., Hunt, M., & Patterson, A. V. (2008). Activation of paracetamol by horseradish peroxidase and cytochrome P450 1A2 in human endothelial cells and cancer cell lines. New Zealand Medical Journal, 121(1271). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/121-1271/2990/content.pdf
Vissers, M., Suzuki, S., Scott-Thomas, A., Gunningham, S., & Dachs, G. (2008). The effect of intracellular ascorbate on HIF-1 mediated gene expression and the phenotype of tumour cells. New Zealand Medical Journal, 121(1271). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/121-1271/2990/content.pdf
Hunt, M. A., Dachs, G. U., Currie, M. J., Patterson, A. V., & Robinson, B. A. (2008). Vessel directed enzyme-prodrug therapy for cancer. New Zealand Medical Journal, 121(1271). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/121-1271/2990/content.pdf
2007
Journal - Research Article
Vissers, M. C. M., Gunningham, S. P., Morrison, M. J., Dachs, G. U., & Currie, M. J. (2007). Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in cultured primary cells by intracellular ascorbate. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 42, 765-772.
Gunningham, S. P., Currie, M. J., Morrin, H. R., Tan, E. Y., Turley, H., Dachs, G. U., Watson, A. I., Frampton, C., Robinson, B. A., & Fox, S. B. (2007). The angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase up-regulates the cell adhesion molecule P-selectin in human vascular endothelial cells and is asociated with P-selectin expression in breast cancers. Journal of Pathology, 212, 335-344.
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Gunningham, S., Currie, M., Hanrahan, V., Dachs, G., Morrin, H., Frampton, C., Robinson, B., & Fox, S. (2007). The short mRNA isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) is down-regulated by estrogen and progesterone in breast cancer. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 98th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org/
2006
Journal - Research Article
Dachs, G. U., Steele, A. J., Coralli, C., Kanthou, C., Brooks, A. C., Gunningham, S. P., Currie, M. J., Watson, A. I., Robinson, B. A., & Tozer, G. M. (2006). Anti-vascular agent Combretastatin A-4-P modulates hypoxia inducible factor-I and gene expression. BMC Cancer, 6, 280. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-280
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Currie, M. J., Hanrahan, V., Gunningham, S. P., Morrin, H. R., Dachs, G. U., Frampton, C., Fox, S. B., & Robinson, B. A. (2006). Increased Ang1 and Tie2 gene expression is associated with survival in colorectal cancer patients. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 97th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org/
Vissers, M., Gunningham, S., Morrison, M., Dachs, G., & Currie, M. (2006). Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α in cultured primary cells by intracellular ascorbate: An important function for vitamin C. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Endocrinology Annual Meeting. NZSE. Retrieved from http://nzse.rsnz.org/NZSE%20Abstracts%202006.pdf
Morrin, H. R., Gunningham, S. P., Currie, M. J., Dachs, G. U., Fox, S. B., & Robinson, B. A. (2006). The Christchurch Tissue Bank: A biorepository for cancer research. New Zealand Medical Journal, 119(1231). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1231/1922/content.pdf
Dachs, G. U., Watson, A. I., Currie, M. J., Gunningham, S. P., Tupper, J., & Robinson, B. A. (2006). Using gene therapy to activate paracetemol for anti-vascular treatment of cancer. New Zealand Medical Journal, 119(1231). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/119-1231/1922/content.pdf
2005
Journal - Research Article
Dachs, G. U., Tupper, J., & Tozer, G. M. (2005). From bench to bedside for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy of cancer. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 16, 349-359.
Williams, K. J., Telfer, B. A., Xenaki, D., Sheridan, M. R., Desbaillets, I., Peters, H. J. W., … Dachs, G. U., … Stratford, I. J. (2005). Enhanced response to radiotherapy in tumours deficient in the function of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Radiotherapy & Oncology, 75, 89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2005.01.009
Morrin, H., Gunningham, S., Currie, M., Dachs, G., Fox, S., & Robinson, B. (2005). The Christchurch Tissue Bank to support cancer research. New Zealand Medical Journal, 118(1225). Retrieved from http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/118-1225/1735/content.pdf
Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract
Gunningham, S. P., Currie, M. J., Morrin, H. R., Dachs, G. U., Scott, P. A. E., Frampton, C. M., Robinson, B. A., & Fox, S. B. (2005). The angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase upregulates the cell adhesion factor p-selectin in human endothelial cells. Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) 96th Annual Meeting. Retrieved from http://www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org/
2004
Journal - Research Article
Cemazar, M., Wilson, I., Dachs, G. U., Tozer, G. M., & Sersa, G. (2004). Direct visualization of electroporation-assisted in vivo gene delivery to tumors using intravital microscopy: Spatial and time dependent distribution. BMC Cancer, 4(81). Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/4/81
Dachs, G. U., Greco, O., & Tozer, G. M. (2004). Targeting cancer with gene therapy using hypoxia as a stimulus. Methods in Molecular Medicine, 90, 371-387.
Tupper, J., Greco, O., Tozer, G. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2004). Analysis of the horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid combination in a three-dimensional tumor model. Cancer Gene Therapy, 11(7), 508-513.
Tupper, J., Tozer, G. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2004). Use of horseradish peroxidase for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with paracetamol. British Journal of Cancer, 90(9), 1858-1862.
Conference Contribution - Poster Presentation (not in published proceedings)
Morrin, H., Gunningham, S., Currie, M., Dachs, G., Fox, S., & Robinson, B. (2004, June). The Christchurch tissue bank: An investment in cancer research. Poster session presented at the New Zealand Society of Oncology Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand.
2003
Journal - Research Article
Greco, O., Marples, B., Dachs, G., Williams, K. J., Patterson, A. V., Scott, S. D., & Hsieh, J. T. (2003). Novel chimeric gene promoters responsive to hypoxia and ionizing radiation. Urologic Oncology, 21(4), 314.
2002
Journal - Research Article
Greco, O., Marples, B., Dachs, G. U., Williams, K. J., Patterson, A. V., & Scott, S. D. (2002). Novel chimeric gene promoters responsive to hypoxia and ionizing radiation. Human Gene Therapy, 9, 1403-1411.
Folkes, L. K., Greco, O., Dachs, G. U., Stratford, M. R. L., & Wardman, P. (2002). 5-fluoroindole-3-acetic acid: A prodrug activated by a peroxidase with potential for use in targeted cancer therapy. Biochemical Pharmacology, 63, 265-272.
Greco, O., Tozer, G. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2002). Oxic and anoxic enhancement of radiation-mediated toxicity by horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid gene therapy. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 78(3), 173-181.
Cemazar, M., Sersa, G., Wilson, J., Tozer, G. M., Hart, S. L., Grosel, A., & Dachs, G. U. (2002). Effective gene transfer to solid tumors using different nonviral gene delivery techniques: Electroporation, liposomes, and integrin-targeted vector. Cancer Gene Therapy, 9, 399-406.
Greco, O., Dachs, G. U., Tozer, G. M., & Kanthou, C. (2002). Mechanisms of cytotoxicity induced by horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid gene therapy. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 87, 221-232.
2001
Journal - Research Article
Greco, O., Rossiter, S., Kanthou, C., Folkes, L. K., Wardman, P., Tozer, G. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2001). Horseradish peroxidase-mediated gene therapy: Choice of prodrugs in oxic and anoxic tumor conditions. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 1, 151-160.
Greco, O., & Dachs, G. U. (2001). Gene directed enzyme/prodrug therapy of cancer: Historical appraisal and future prospectives. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 187, 22-36.
Coralli, C., Cemazar, M., Kanthou, C., Tozer, G. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2001). Limitations of the reporter green fluorescent protein under simulated tumor conditions. Cancer Research, 61, 4784-4790.
2000
Journal - Research Article
Dachs, G. U., & Tozer, G. M. (2000). Hypoxia modulated gene expression: Angiogenesis, metastasis and therapeutic exploitation. European Journal of Cancer, 36, 1649-1660.
Dachs, G. U., Coralli, C., Hart, S. L., & Tozer, G. M. (2000). Gene delivery to hypoxic cells in vitro. British Journal of Cancer, 83(5), 662-667.
Greco, O., Patterson, A. V., & Dachs, G. U. (2000). Can gene therapy overcome the problem of hypoxia in radiotherapy? Journal of Radiation Research, 41, 201-212.
Greco, O., Folkes, L. K., Wardman, P., Tozer, G. M., & Dachs, G. U. (2000). Development of a novel enzyme/prodrug combination for gene therapy of cancer: Horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid. Cancer Gene Therapy, 7(11), 1414-1420.