Associate Professor Candida Savage, Our staff, Department of Marine Science

Contact details

Academic qualifications

MSc (Cape Town)
PhD (Stockholm)

Research interests

Marine ecology
Coastal and Estuarine ecosystems
Nutrient cycling
Palaeoecology

I am a marine ecologist with a focus on human impacts in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. My research group investigates drivers of change in marine ecosystems and combines field and laboratory studies to understand how multiple stressors affect food web structure and biogeochemical cycling in coastal ecosystems.

I am also a member of the Coastal People: Southern Skies collaboration that connects communities with world-leading, cross-discipline research to rebuild coastal ecosystems.
Coastal People: Southern Skies

Research projects

Land-coast coupling

Investigating linkages between land-use changes (in particular intensification of farming practices), in South Island, New Zealand, and ecological and biogeochemical shifts in recipient estuaries.

We have constructed nitrogen loading models for the South Island to estimate nutrient flux to estuaries based on different land use practices in the catchment. Stable isotope ratios in an opportunistic seaweed species reflected these different nitrogen loading regimes, providing a good indicator of local nutrient sources. We also documented shifts in growth rates of select bivalves and fishes and recorded changes in organic matter sources that support secondary consumers in the estuaries with greater nitrogen loads. To groundtruth the field surveys and transplant experiments, we have conducted laboratory experiments to quantify nutrient uptake and tissue turnover rates in select organisms. This research was supported by a Ministry of Fisheries Biodiversity Research grant.

Nutrient cycling

We currently investigate spatial and temporal variation in rates of benthic denitrification in estuaries subject to different nitrogen loading regimes. This research aims to quantify nitrogen removal rates in pristine as well as nutrient enriched estuaries in South Island, New Zealand, and to investigate physicochemical and biological factors that correlate with coupled and direct denitrification. This research is supported by PBRF money made available to C. Savage.

Our research team also conducts work on nutrient fluxes and oxygen dynamics in subtidal sediments impacted by high organic matter loading from mussel farm deposits. In particular, we have a project on the potential of a bioturbator (sea cucumber) for the remediation of mussel impacted sediment. This work forms a component of a larger integrated aquaculture project with NIWA.

Palaeoecology

In order to understand the influence of humans against a background of natural variability in marine ecosystems, we have employed palaeoecological techniques to reconstruct historical changes in pristine and impacted coastal systems. In Fiordland, we use biomarkers (e.g., stable isotopes, pigments, lignin, BIT index), in water column samples and sedimentary records to reconstruct long-term change in productivity and organic matter sources to the fjords.

Part of this research involves identifying suitable biomarkers as proxies of refractory terrestrial organic matter and marine organic matter. Research is also underway to understand mechanisms that affect these proxies (particularly phytoplankton pigments) as they settle out of the water column and are incorporated into the sedimentary record. This research has been supported by University of Otago Research Grants and PBRF funds.

Coral reef ecosystems

My research has recently expanded to the tropical Pacific, where I am interested in how multiple stressors affect coral reef ecosystems. In particular, I am interested in how alterations in physicochemical factors (temperature, salinity, light environment), individually and combined, affect carbon cycling and implications of this for climate change.

Postgraduate students

Current students

Saskia Foreman, PhD: How multiple anthropogenic stressors impact the feeding and reproductive fitness of an estuarine amphipod
Elli Leinikki, PhD: Influence of shellfish on recovery dynamics in intertidal estuaries in New Zealand

Completed students

Josie Crawshaw – Thesis Title (PhD): Sinks of agriculturally derived nitrogen in coastal lagoons
Ben Robertson – Thesis Title (PhD): Development of a cost-effective trophic state assessment protocol for shallow, temperate, tidal lagoon estuaries
Sam Thomas – Thesis Title (PhD): The effects of multiple stressors on ecosystem functioning across a changing turbidity gradient in South Island estuaries

Publications

Madell, K. A., Scharler, U. M., Savage, C., Karlson, A. M. L., & Pillay, D. (2024). Arrested development and increased incidence of sandprawn embryonic aberrations along an intertidal human recreation gradient. Scientific Reports, 14, 26836. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78149-0 Journal - Research Article

Ladewig, S. M., Bianchi, T. S., Coco, G., Ferretti, E., Gladstone-Gallagher, R. V., Hillman, J., … Savage, C., … Thrush, S. F. (2024). Polyester microfiber impacts on coastal sediment organic matter consumption. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 202, 116298. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116298 Journal - Research Article

Cheung, H. L. S., Hillman, J. R., Pilditch, C. A., Savage, C., Santos, I. R., Glud, R. N., … Bonaglia, S. (2024). Denitrification, anammox, and DNRA in oligotrophic continental shelf sediments. Limnology & Oceanography. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/lno.12512 Journal - Research Article

Fenton, K. F., Salmond, N. H., Foreman, S. E., Curtis, J. S., Jowett, T., Savage, C., & Wing, S. R. (2024). High densities of large tuaki, the New Zealand cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi, provide a post-settlement predation refuge for conspecific juveniles. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 726, 85-98. doi: 10.3354/meps14466 Journal - Research Article

Savage, C. (2024). [Review of the book Coral reefs of Australia: Perspectives from beyond the water’s edge]. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research, 58(1), 155-156. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2023.2238637 Journal - Research Other

2024

Journal - Research Article

Journal - Research Other

2023

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Foreman, S., Savage, C., Sabadel, A., & Allen, B. (2023). Interactive effects of nutrients and microplastics on functionally important bivalves. Proceedings of the New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS) Annual Meeting. (pp. 74). [Abstract]

2022

Journal - Research Article

Thomas, S., Pilditch, C. A., Thrush, S. F., & Savage, C. (2022). Ecosystem function responses to nutrient enrichment mediated by mud content in soft sediment habitats. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research, 56(3), 491-508. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2022.2102043

Källberg Normark, L., Liénart, C., Pillay, D., Garbaras, A., Savage, C., & Karlson, A. M. L. (2022). Isotopic niche size variability in an ecosystem engineer along a disturbance gradient in a South African lagoon. Marine Environmental Research, 173, 105541. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105541

2021

Journal - Research Article

Robertson, B. P., & Savage, C. (2021). Thresholds in catchment nitrogen load for shifts from seagrass to nuisance macroalgae in shallow intertidal estuaries. Limnology & Oceanography, 66, 1353-1366. doi: 10.1002/lno.11689

Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., Gladstone-Gallagher, R. V., Savage, C., Lundquist, C., O'Meara, T., … Pilditch, C. (2021). Cumulative stressors reduce the self-regulating capacity of coastal ecosystems. Ecological Applications, 31(1), e02223. doi: 10.1002/eap.2223

Karlson, A. M. L., Pilditch, C. A., Probert, P. K., Leduc, D., & Savage, C. (2021). Large infaunal bivalves determine community uptake of macroalgal detritus and food web pathways. Ecosystems, 24(2), 384-402. doi: 10.1007/s10021-020-00524-5

Thomas, S., Pilditch, C. A., Thrush, S. F., Baltar, F., Crawshaw, J. A., Thomson, B., & Savage, C. (2021). Does the size structure of venerid clam populations affect ecosystem functions on intertidal sandflats? Estuaries & Coasts, 44(1), 242-252. doi: 10.1007/s12237-020-00774-5

2020

Journal - Research Article

Hope, J. A., Hewitt, J., Pilditch, C. A., Savage, C., & Thrush, S. F. (2020). Effect of nutrient enrichment and turbidity on interactions between microphytobenthos and a key bivalve: Implications for higher trophic levels. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 695. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00695

Journal - Research Other

Bianchi, T. S., Arndt, S., Austin, W. E. N., Benn, D. I., Bertrand, S., Cui, X., … Moy, C. M., Savage, C., … Syvitski, J. (2020). Fjords as Aquatic Critical Zones (ACZs). Earth-Science Reviews, 203, 103145. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103145

2019

Chapter in Book - Research

Snowball, I., Lehoux, A. P., Crawshaw, J., Savage, C., Hipsey, M. R., Ghadouani, A., … Oldham, C. E. (2019). Pollution from land-based sources. In E. J. Techera & G. Winter (Eds.), Marine extremes: Ocean safety, marine health and the blue economy. (pp. 106-122). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

Journal - Research Article

Crawshaw, J., O'Meara, T., Savage, C., Thomson, B., Baltar, F., & Thrush, S. F. (2019). Source of organic detritus and bivalve biomass influences nitrogen cycling and extracellular enzyme activity in estuary sediments. Biogeochemistry, 145, 315-335. doi: 10.1007/s10533-019-00608-y

Crawshaw, J. A., Schallenberg, M., Savage, C., & Van Hale, R. (2019). Hierarchy of factors controls denitrification rates in temperate intermittently closed and open coastal lakes/lagoons (ICOLLS). Aquatic Ecology, 53, 719-744. doi: 10.1007/s10452-019-09721-4

Savage, C. (2019). Seabird nutrients are assimilated by corals and enhance coral growth rates. Scientific Reports, 9, 4284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41030-6

Crawshaw, J. A., Schallenberg, M., & Savage, C. (2019). Physical and biological drivers of sediment oxygenation and denitrification in a New Zealand intermittently closed and open lake lagoon. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research, 53(1), 33-59. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2018.1476388

Journal - Research Other

Gladstone-Gallagher, R. V., Hope, J. A., Bulmer, R. H., Clark, D. E., Stephenson, F., Mangan, S., … Thomas, S. F., … Savage, C., & Thrush, S. F. (2019). Old tools, new ways of using them: Harnessing expert opinions to plan for surprise in marine socio-ecological systems. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 696. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00696

Journal - Professional & Other Non-Research Articles

Savage, C. (2019). Editorial. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research, 53(1), 1-2. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2019.1531462

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Ward, N., Clark, D., & Savage, C. (2019, November). Tahi: Estuaries and managing cumulative effects. Panel discussion at the New Zealand Coastal Society (NZCS) Annual Conference, Invercargill, New Zealand.

2018

Journal - Research Article

Savage, C., Thrush, S. F., & Pilditch, C. A. (2018). Tipping points in coastal ecosystems. Junctures, 2018(19), 12-14.

Douglas, E. J., Pilditch, C. A., Lohrer, A. M., Savage, C., Schipper, L. A., & Thrush, S. F. (2018). Sedimentary environment influences ecosystem response to nutrient enrichment. Estuaries & Coasts, 41(7), 1994-2008. doi: 10.1007/s12237-018-0416-5

Robertson, B. P., & Savage, C. (2018). Mud-entrained macroalgae utilise porewater and overlying water column nutrients to grow in a eutrophic intertidal estuary. Biogeochemistry, 139, 53-68. doi: 10.1007/s10533-018-0454-x

Robinson, G., MacTavish, T., Savage, C., Caldwell, G. S., Jones, C. L. W., Probyn, T., … Stead, S. M. (2018). Carbon amendment stimulates benthic nitrogen cycling during the bioremediation of particulate aquaculture waste. Biogeosciences, 15(6), 1863-1878. doi: 10.5194/bg-15-1863-2018

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Garbaras, A., Dahl, M., Pillay, D., Stjernkvist, N., Hernwall, P., Savage, C., … Karlson, A. M. L. (2018). Evaluating invertebrate grazer reliance on seagrass (Zostera sp.) or filamentous algae in seagrass meadows in different state of deterioration. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the Applications of Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies (IsoEcol). LK379HS, (pp. 239). Retrieved from https://www.isoecol.com/2018

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Savage, C. (2018, July). Tipping points in ecosystem function: Microbial enzyme activities in estuarine sediments identify thresholds in nutrient cycling. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS) Conference: Weaving the Strands, Napier, New Zealand.

2017

Journal - Research Article

Cui, X., Bianchi, T. S., Kenney, W. F., Wang, J., Curtis, J. H., Xue, K., & Savage, C. (2017). Carbon dynamics along a temperate fjord-head delta: Linkages with carbon burial in fjords. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 122(12), 3419-3430. doi: 10.1002/2017JG003891

Bierschenk, A. M., Savage, C., & Matthaei, C. D. (2017). Intensity of catchment land use influences biological traits of benthic invertebrates along a freshwater-marine continuum. Limnology & Oceanography, 62(S1), S292-S308. doi: 10.1002/lno.10584

Cui, X., Bianchi, T. S., & Savage, C. (2017). Erosion of modern terrestrial organic matter as a major component of sediments in fjords. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(3), 1457-1465. doi: 10.1002/2016GL072260

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Pilditch, C., Bryan, K., Coco, G., Cornelisen, C., Hewitt, J., Lohrer, D., … Savage, C., … Thrush, S. (2017). Tipping points in New Zealand coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the New Zealand Coastal Society (NZCS) 25th Annual Conference. (pp. 100). NZCS. Retrieved from http://www.coastalsociety.org.nz/

2016

Journal - Research Article

Gongol, C., & Savage, C. (2016). Spatial variation in rates of benthic denitrification and environmental controls in four New Zealand estuaries. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 556, 59-77. doi: 10.3354/meps11865

Ramirez, M. T., Allison, M. A., Bianchi, T. S., Cui, X., Savage, C., Schüller, S. E., … Vetter, L. (2016). Modern deposition rates and patterns of organic carbon burial in Fiordland, New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 11768-11776. doi: 10.1002/2016GL070021

Cui, X., Bianchi, T. S., Hutchings, J. A., Savage, C., & Curtis, J. H. (2016). Partitioning of organic carbon among density fractions in surface sediments of Fiordland, New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121(3), 1016-1031. doi: 10.1002/2015JG003225

Cui, X., Bianchi, T. S., Savage, C., & Smith, R. W. (2016). Organic carbon burial in fjords: Terrestrial versus marine inputs. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 451, 41-50. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.003

Karlson, A. M. L., Niemand, C., Savage, C., & Pilditch, C. A. (2016). Density of key-species determines efficiency of macroalgae detritus uptake by intertidal benthic communities. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0158785. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158785

Robertson, B. P., Savage, C., Gardner, J. P. A., Robertson, B. M., & Stevens, L. M. (2016). Optimising a widely-used coastal health index through quantitative ecological group classifications and associated thresholds. Ecological Indicators, 69, 595-605. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.04.003

O'Connell-Milne, S., Savage, C., & Rayment, W. (2016). The influence of commercial harvesting on parasite infection in the bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi. Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 73, 982-989. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2015-0401

O'Connell-Milne, S. A., Poulin, R., Savage, C., & Rayment, W. (2016). Reduced growth, body condition and foot length of the bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi in response to parasite infection. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology, 474, 23-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2015.09.012

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Ramirez, M. T., Allison, M. A., Vetter, L., Cui, X., Bianchi, T. S., Smith, R. W., Savage, C., & Schüller, S. (2016). Modern deposition rates and patterns of carbon burial in Southern Fiordland, New Zealand. Proceedings of the Ocean Sciences Meeting. HE54A-1567. Retrieved from https://agu.confex.com/agu/os16/meetingapp.cgi

Cui, X., Bianchi, T. S., & Savage, C. (2016). Organic carbon dynamics in fjords: A case study of Fiordland, New Zealand. Proceedings of the Ocean Sciences Meeting. EC41B-03. Retrieved from https://agu.confex.com/agu/os16/meetingapp.cgi

Douglas, E., Pilditch, C., Savage, C., Schipper, L., & Thrush, S. (2016). Sedimentary environment influences estuarine ecosystem function response to nutrient enrichment. Proceedings of the New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS) and Australian Marine Sciences Association (AMSA) Conference: Sharing Ocean Resources: Now and in the Future. (pp. 33). Retrieved from https://innovators.eventsair.com/QuickEventWebsitePortal/nzmss-amsa-2016/home/Agenda

Crawshaw, J., Schallenberg, M., Savage, C., & Van Hale, R. (2016). A comparison of denitrification capacity between two South Island eutrophic lagoons. Proceedings of the New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS) and Australian Marine Sciences Association (AMSA) Conference: Sharing Ocean Resources: Now and in the Future. (pp. 30). Retrieved from https://innovators.eventsair.com/QuickEventWebsitePortal/nzmss-amsa-2016/home/Agenda

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Crawshaw, J., Schallenberg, M., Savage, C., & Van Hale, R. (2016, November). Seasonal de-coupling of denitrification and sediment oxygenation by benthic infauna: A case study of Tomahawk Lagoon. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Coastal Society (NZCS) 24th Annual Conference, Dunedin, New Zealand.

2015

Journal - Research Article

Robertson, B. P., Gardner, J. P. A., & Savage, C. (2015). Macrobenthic–mud relations strengthen the foundation for benthic index development: A case study from shallow, temperate New Zealand estuaries. Ecological Indicators, 58, 161-174. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.039

Smith, R. W., Bianchi, T. S., Allison, M., Savage, C., & Galy, V. (2015). High rates of organic carbon burial in fjord sediments globally. Nature Geoscience, 8, 450-453. doi: 10.1038/NGEO2421

Schüller, S. E., Bianchi, T. S., Li, X., Allison, M. A., & Savage, C. (2015). Historical reconstruction of phytoplankton composition in estuaries of Fiordland, New Zealand: The application of plant pigment biomarkers. Estuaries & Coasts, 38(1), 56-71. doi: 10.1007/s12237-014-9771-z

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Bierschenk, A. M., Matthaei, C. D., & Savage, C. (2015). Catchment land use influences ecosystem functioning along a freshwater-marine continuum. Proceedings of the Aquatic Sciences Meeting (ASLO). Retrieved from https://sgmeet.com/aslo/granada2015/

2014

Journal - Research Article

Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., Parkes, S., Lohrer, A. M., Pilditch, C., Woodin, S. A., … Savage, C., & Van Colen, C. (2014). Experimenting with ecosystem interaction networks in search of threshold potentials in real-world marine ecosystems. Ecology, 95(6), 1451-1457. doi: 10.1890/13-1879.1

2013

Journal - Research Article

Schüller, S. E., Allison, M. A., Bianchi, T. S., Tian, F., & Savage, C. (2013). Historical variability in past phytoplankton abundance and composition in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Continental Shelf Research, 69, 110-122. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2013.09.021

Lill, A. W. T., Schallenberg, M., Lal, A., Savage, C., & Closs, G. P. (2013). Isolation and connectivity: Relationships between periodic connection to the ocean and environmental variables in intermittently closed estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Science, 128, 76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2013.05.011

2012

Journal - Research Article

MacTavish, T., Stenton-Dozey, J., Vopel, K., & Savage, C. (2012). Deposit-feeding sea cucumbers enhance mineralization and nutrient cycling in organically-enriched coastal sediments. PLoS ONE, 7(11), e50031. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050031

Dufour, C., Probert, P. K., & Savage, C. (2012). Macrofaunal colonisation of stranded Durvillaea antarctica on a southern New Zealand exposed sandy beach. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research, 46(3), 369-383. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2012.676557

Savage, C., Thrush, S. F., Lohrer, A. M., & Hewitt, J. E. (2012). Ecosystem services transcend boundaries: Estuaries provide resource subsidies and influence functional diversity in coastal benthic communities. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e42708. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042708

Bierschenk, A. M., Savage, C., Townsend, C. R., & Matthaei, C. D. (2012). Intensity of land use in the catchment influences ecosystem functioning along a freshwater-marine continuum. Ecosystems, 15(4), 637-651. doi: 10.1007/s10021-012-9536-0

Lill, A. W. T., Closs, G. P., Schallenberg, M., & Savage, C. (2012). Impact of berm breaching on hyperbenthic macroinvertebrate communities in intermittently closed estuaries. Estuaries & Coasts, 35(1), 155-168. doi: 10.1007/s12237-011-9436-0

2011

Journal - Research Article

Schüller, S. E., & Savage, C. (2011). Spatial distribution of diatom and pigment sedimentary records in surface sediments in Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research, 45(4), 591-608. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2011.561865

Lill, A. W. T., Closs, G. P., Savage, C., & Schallenberg, M. (2011). Annual secondary production of two estuarine mysid species (Mysidacea: Mysidae) inhabiting an intermittently closed estuary, south-eastern New Zealand. Marine & Freshwater Research, 62(7), 823-834. doi: 10.1071/mf10274

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Schüller, S., & Savage, C. (2011). The fate of algal remains in Doubtful Sound, Fiordland. Proceedings of the New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS) Conference: Understanding, Managing, and Conserving our Marine Environment. (pp. 26-27). Retrieved from http://nzmss.org/assets/Conference/NZMSS2011AbstractsOralPresentations.pdf

Savage, C., Thrush, S., Lohrer, D., Hewitt, J., & Chiaroni, L. (2011). Estuarine trophic subsidies to coastal mollusc dominated communities: Positive and negative effects on functional diversity. Proceedings of the New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS) Conference: Understanding, Managing, and Conserving our Marine Environment. (pp. 26). Retrieved from http://nzmss.org/assets/Conference/NZMSS2011AbstractsOralPresentations.pdf

2010

Journal - Research Article

Savage, C., Leavitt, P. R., & Elmgren, R. (2010). Effects of land use, urbanization, and climate variability on coastal eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Limnology & Oceanography, 55(3), 1033-1046. doi: 10.4319/lo.2010.55.3.1033

Smith, R. W., Bianchi, T. S., & Savage, C. (2010). Comparison of lignin phenols and branched/isoprenoid tetraethers (BIT index) as indices of terrestrial organic matter in Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand. Organic Geochemistry, 41(3), 281-290. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.10.009

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Dufour, C., Probert, K., & Savage, C. (2010). The macrofaunal succession rate of stranded Durvillaea antarctica on an Otago exposed sandy beach. New Zealand Marine Sciences Society Review. 51, (pp. 117). [Abstract]

Smith, R. W., Bianchi, T. S., & Savage, C. (2010). A multi-proxy study of recent organic matter sources in Fiordland, New Zealand. Eos Transactions, AGU. 91(26 (Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl.)), CO45A-17. [Abstract]

Gongol, C., Savage, C., Probert, K., & Frew, R. (2010). Rates of denitrification and sediment-water fluxes of oxygen in four New Zealand estuaries. Proceedings of the New Zealand Marine Sciences Society 50th Anniversary Conference. (pp. 13). NZMSS. Retrieved from www.nzmss.org/conference

2009

Chapter in Book - Research

Savage, C. (2009). Marine sources of Omega-3: Is their future in aquaculture? In T. K. Nakamura (Ed.), Aquaculture research progress. (pp. 169-197). New York: Nova Science.

Journal - Research Article

Heggie, K., & Savage, C. (2009). Nitrogen yields from New Zealand coastal catchments to receiving estuaries. New Zealand Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research, 43(5), 1039-1052. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2009.9626527

Koenig, S., Savage, C., & Kim, J. P. (2009). Two novel non-destructive biomarkers to assess PAH-induced oxidative stress and porphyrinogenic effects in crabs. Biomarkers, 14(7), 452-464. doi: 10.1080/13547500903123026

Hammond, M. P., & Savage, C. (2009). Use of regenerated scales and scale marginal increments as indicators of recent dietary history in fish. Estuaries & Coasts, 32(2), 340-349. doi: 10.1007/s12237-009-9134-3

Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Gongol, C., Savage, C., Probert, K., & Frew, R. (2009). Quantifying rates of sedimentary denitrification in southern New Zealand estuaries. New Zealand Marine Sciences Society Review. 50, (pp. 150). [Abstract]

Dufour, C., Probert, K., & Savage, C. (2009). The macrofaunal succession rate of stranded Durvillaea antarctica on an Otago exposed sandy beach. In S. O'Shea, M. J. Costello & K. O'Connell (Eds.), Proceedings of the Joint New Zealand Marine Sciences and Meteorological Societies Conference. (pp. 105). Retrieved from http://nzmss.rsnz.org

Conference Contribution - Verbal presentation and other Conference outputs

Bierschenk, A., Matthaei, C. D., Savage, C., & Townsend, C. R. (2009, November). Catchment land use effects on South Island estuaries. Verbal presentation at the New Zealand Hydrological & Freshwater Sciences Societies Joint Conference: Waters for the Future: Balancing its Values, Whangarei, New Zealand.

Working Paper; Discussion Paper; Technical Report

Savage, C. (2009). Development of bioindicators for the assimilation of terrestrial nutrient inputs in coastal ecosystems as a tool for watershed management. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 30. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Fisheries. 35p.

2008

Journal - Research Article

Koenig, S., Savage, C., & Kim, J. P. (2008). Non-destructive assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure by fluorimetric analysis of crab urine. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(12), 2003-2008. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.010

2006

Journal - Research Article

Castillo, L. E., Martínez, E., Ruepert, C., Savage, C., Gilek, M., Pinnock, M., & Solis, E. (2006). Water quality and macroinvertebrate community response following pesticide applications in a banana plantation, Limon, Costa Rica. Science of the Total Environment, 367, 418-432.

Taylor, A. G., & Savage, C. (2006). Fatty acid composition of New Zealand green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus: Implications for harvesting for n-3 extracts. Aquaculture, 261, 430-439.

2005

Journal - Research Article

Savage, C. (2005). Tracing the influence of sewage nitrogen in a coastal ecosystem using stable nitrogen isotopes. AMBIO, 34(2), 145-150. Retrieved from http://www.ambio.kva.se

2004

Journal - Research Article

Savage, C., Leavitt, P. R., & Elmgren, R. (2004). Distribution and retention of effluent nitrogen in surface sediments of a coastal bay. Limnology & Oceanography, 49(5), 1503-1511.

Savage, C., & Elmgren, R. (2004). Macroalgal (Fucus vesiculosus) δ¹⁵N values trace decrease in sewage influence. Ecological Applications, 14(2), 517-526.

2002

Journal - Research Article

Bianchi, T. S., Engelhaupt, E., McKee, B. A., Miles, S., Elmgren, R., Hajdu, S., Savage, C., & Baskaran, M. (2002). Do sediments from coastal sites accurately reflect time trends in water column phytoplankton? A test from Himmerfjärden Bay (Baltic Sea proper). Limnology & Oceanography, 47(5), 1537-1544.

Savage, C., Elmgren, R., & Larsson, U. (2002). Effects of sewage-derived nutrients on an estuarine macrobenthic community. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 243, 67-82.

2001

Journal - Research Article

Savage, C., Field, J. G., & Warwick, R. M. (2001). Comparative meta-analysis of the impact of offshore marine mining on macrobenthic communities versus organic pollution studies. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 221, 265-275.

2000

Chapter in Book - Research

Ballagh, R. J., & Savage, C. M. (2000). The theory of atom lasers. In C. M. Savage & M. P. Das (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth Physics Summer School: Bose-Einstein Condensation: Atomic Physics to Quantum Fluids. (pp. 153-188). Singapore: World Scientific.