Study points to need for care in inappropriate use of stigmatising terms in weight management

Ms Lesley Gray.

A large quantitative research study has found using the terms 'weight' or 'high BMI (body mass index)' to describe excess fatness was rated as less stigmatising and less blaming than commonly used medical terms, such as 'fat' or 'obese'.

Researchers from Victoria University of Wellington and the University of Otago, Wellington recruited 775 adults, including 330 health care professionals and health sciences students and 440 non-health (lay) adults to complete questionnaires for the study. Participants were asked to rate the degree to which specified terms (fat, chubby, obese, high BMI, morbidly obese, bariatric, heavy, large, overweight and weight) were stigmatising, blaming and preferred terms. Participants were also asked to rate terms most likely to motivate a person to lose weight.

This comes at a time when there is heightened awareness of the harms of discrimination, bias and stigmatising language in relation to people with excess adiposity.

A senior lecturer at Victoria University of Wellington, Dr Caz Hales, says there were significant differences between the perception of terms used to describe people of different body weight with respect to stigma, blame, motivation to lose weight and desirability.

“Participants rated 'weight' as the least stigmatising term, with 69 per cent rating 'weight' as 'not at all' stigmatising. On the contrary, morbidly obese and fat were rated as the most stigmatising terms, with 42 per cent and 30 per cent of participants rating 'morbidly obese' and 'fat' as 'very stigmatising'.”

'Weight' was considered to be the least blaming term, with 63 per cent of participants rating this as 'not at all blaming'. The terms 'morbidly obese', 'fat', and 'obese' were regarded as 'very blaming' terms.

'Weight' was rated as the term least likely to motivate someone to lose weight, with 51 per cent rating it as 'not at all' motivating. By contrast, 42 per cent and 26 per cent of participants rated the terms, 'morbidly obese' and 'obese' as 'very motivating' terms to encourage someone to lose weight. The researchers say this is concerning as more stigmatising terms are not helpful to people wishing to lose weight (Tomiyama et al, 2018).

A senior lecturer at the University of Otago, Wellington, Lesley Gray, says the terminology used by medical professionals has a significant impact on an individual's perceptions of weight and experience of stigma.

“The use of stigmatising terms when referring to people with excess weight adds to the existing discrimination and weight bias in healthcare settings, particularly when the terminology is associated with broader moral perceptions and judgements about the individual being described,” she says.

Dr Hales adds, “Whichever term is selected, conversations between medical professionals and patients need to be respectful, appropriate to their personal and clinical situation and the language used must support meaningful non-stigmatising dialogue.”

The authors cautioned that while 'weight' and 'high BMI' were the terms most commonly preferred, neither was meaningful in accurately describing the clinical relevance or health status of the person during patient consultations.

Ms Gray says: “Language has the ability to harm and must be applied with care, particularly in first encounters.”

Details about the research paper:

'Dissonance in naming adiposity: a quantitative survey of naming preferences from a convenience sample of health professional and lay population in Aotearoa New Zealand', is published in the June 7, 2019 issue of The New Zealand Medical Journal.

The study received a small Victoria University of Wellington Faculty of Humanities and Social Science grant with the balance of researcher time from the University of Otago, Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, and the researchers' own time.

Ref: Tomiyama, A. J., Carr, D., Granberg, E. M., Major, B., Robinson, E., Sutin, A. R., & Brewis, A. (2018). How and why weight stigma drives the obesity 'epidemic' and harms health. BMC medicine, 16(1), 123.

For further information contact:

Ms Lesley Gray
Senior Lecturer, Department of Primary Healthcare and General Practice
University of Otago, Wellington
Email lesley.gray@otago.ac.nz

Dr Caz Hales
Lecturer, Graduate School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health
Victoria University of Wellington
Email caz.hales@vuw.ac.nz

Cheryl Norrie
Communications Adviser
University of Otago, Wellington
Mob +64 21 249 6787
Email cheryl.norrie@otago.ac.nz