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Rachel Zajac

Email rachel.zajac@otago.ac.nz
Tel +64 3 479 3988
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Eye-Witness Reliability

I work at the intersection of psychology and law. More specifically, I study the factors that influence people's ability to provide reliable evidence about events they have witnessed. Here are some of the questions that my students and I are currently trying to answer:

What effect does cross-examination have on children's testimony?

The majority of children testifying in adversarial criminal trials undergo cross-examination, during which their testimony is challenged by the opposing lawyer in an attempt to discredit it. By examining court transcripts and conducting experimental studies of children's responses to this type of questioning, we have repeatedly shown that most children make changes to their earlier testimony when cross-examined. Furthermore, these changes do not appear to be restricted to corrections of earlier mistakes. In fact, cross-examination-style questioning appears to exert an overall negative effect on children's accuracy. Our current research is aimed at finding out why this occurs, which children are most at risk, whether we can intervene to facilitate accuracy, and whether adults may also struggle to answer cross-examination questions accurately.

Can an eyewitness's evidence become contaminated through discussions with another witness to the same crime?

Crimes often involve more than one witness, and eyewitnesses are highly likely to discuss what they saw with each other before investigators arrive on the scene. Unfortunately, incorrect information provided by one eyewitness can contaminate another witness's evidence. We recently demonstrated that this effect extends well beyond witness's verbal reports about what they saw, by providing empirical evidence that co-witness misinformation about a perpetrator's appearance can increase the chances of mistaken identification from a photographic lineup. We are now trying to pinpoint the specific conditions under which this occurs.

How can we help children to avoid making mistaken identifications on photographic lineups?

There are numerous crimes in which a child may hold the only clue to the perpetrator's identity. Unfortunately, traditional procedures for eliciting eyewitness identification evidence can pose significant difficulty for children. In particular, children appear reluctant to reject photographic lineups, even when the perpetrator is not present. Given the devastating implications of mistaken identification in a legal context, it is crucial that researchers attempt to better understand children's lineup decisions and, where possible, intervene. We have recently developed the 'wildcard,' a simple technique to improve children's identification accuracy. We are now examining the conditions under which the wildcard is successful, and whether its success may extend to other groups of witnesses who are prone to error (eg, older adult witnesses).

Publications

Jordan, K., Nielsen, N. P., Bernstein, D., Newman, E., Zajac, R., & Garry, M. (2024). Den mørke side af semantisk kontekst [the dark side of semantic context]: Semantic context boosts people’s confidence in their ability to comprehend Danish. Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/mac0000154 Journal - Research Article

Kinley, K., & Zajac, R. (2023). Cognitive sophistication in adults’ memories of childhood: Implications for historical allegations of child sexual abuse. Proceedings of the Psycolloquy Symposium. (pp. 12). Dunedin, New Zealand: Department of Psychology, University of Otago. Retrieved from https://www.otago.ac.nz/psychology/research/otago059081.html Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Cate, J., Sanson, M., Azad, T., Zajac, R., & Garry, M. (2023). Value of a memory. Proceedings of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (SARMAC) XIV Biennial Conference. (pp. 22-23). Retrieved from https://web.cvent.com/event/600e833f-811d-4c42-abcd-134199fe41ac/summary Conference Contribution - Published proceedings: Abstract

Garry, M., Zajac, R., Hope, L., Salathé, M., Levine, L., & Merritt, T. A. (2023). Hits and misses: Digital contact tracing in a pandemic. Perspectives on Psychological Science. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/17456916231179365 Journal - Research Article

Zajac, R., Garry, M., Charlton, S., & Reese, E. (2023). Scholarship amid sheep: Applied cognition research in Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 12, 43-47. doi: 10.1037/mac0000109 Journal - Research Article

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