Nitrate levels in drinking water and bowel cancer

The formation of cancer-causing chemicals in the gut could be at the heart of understanding how high levels of nitrate in our drinking water contribute to increasing the risk of bowel (colorectal) cancer, New Zealand researchers say.

Writing in the latest Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, researchers from the Universities of Otago, Auckland and Massey say the likely process is a complicated one but gaining an understanding of it is key to assessing the potential risks that high levels of nitrate in drinking water pose to human health.

Nitrate levels in source water have increased as a result of agricultural intensification, particularly the rise in livestock numbers, leading to increased nitrate contamination in drinking water sources.

Dr Tim Chambers.

Dr Tim Chambers, from the Department of Public Health at the University of Otago, Wellington, says when nitrate is ingested, the degree to which it is modified in the body is dependent on the levels of nitrate-reducing bacteria, the amount of acid in the stomach, antioxidants such as vitamin C, and compounds called amines derived from proteins such as those in red meat.

An oversupply of nitrate, particularly in the absence of antioxidants, can cause formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC), many of which are proven causes of cancer.

Last year, Dr Chambers and fellow researchers estimated that nitrate contamination of drinking water could be causing up to 100 cases of bowel cancer in New Zealand a year, resulting in 40 deaths. That study was the first to assess the levels of nitrate exposure and drinking water quality nationally. It found up to 800,000 New Zealanders (17 per cent) could be drinking water containing levels of nitrate which international evidence suggests may put them at increased risk of bowel cancer.

In the peer-reviewed article published today, the researchers say some recent debate has focused on the fact that not all research has found a statistically significant link between nitrate levels and colorectal cancer. However, they note the combination of positive and negative results from these research studies would be consistent with the highly variable biological processes at work. They say studies need to account for other factors affecting bowel cancer risks, such as physical activity levels, obesity and the intake of red and processed meat.

Even though the state of the science is still evolving, the researchers say policy makers need to take this suggestive evidence for a risk to health from nitrates into account when setting maximum acceptable levels of nitrates in drinking water and regulating to protect sources of drinking water from nitrate contamination.

Publication details:

Nitrate in drinking water and cancer risk: the biological mechanism, epidemiological evidence and future research
Chambers T, Douwes J, Mannetje A, Woodward A, Baker M, Wilson N, Hales S.
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health

For further information, please contact

Dr Tim Chambers
Department of Public Health
University of Otago, Wellington
Email tim.chambers@otago.ac.nz

Cheryl Norrie
Communications Adviser
University of Otago, Wellington
Mob +64 21 249 6787
Email cheryl.norrie@otago.ac.nz